Guidebook

Family Nurse Partnership (FNP)

Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) is a home-visiting intervention for disadvantaged, single mothers, 24 years old or younger, expecting their first child. Mothers enrol early in their pregnancy and are scheduled to receive 64 90-minute home visits until their child’s second birthday. Visits take place on a weekly basis during the pregnancy and six weeks after the baby’s birth. Visits then continue fortnightly until three months before the child’s second birthday when they occur monthly until the intervention’s end. During each visit, mothers are provided with advice about their young child’s health and development, and support for their own wellbeing.

The information above is as offered/supported by the intervention provider.

Population characteristics as evaluated

Antenatal years old

Level of need: Targeted-selected

Race and ethnicities: African American, Asian, Hispanic, White.

Model characteristics

Home visiting

Setting: Home

Workforce: Health visitors or nurses

Evidence rating:

Cost rating:

Child outcomes:

Enhancing school achievement & employment

Improved early learning
Improved literacy
Improved school readiness
Improved speech, language and communication

Preventing child maltreatment

Reduced accident and emergency visits
Reduced child maltreatment risk
Reduced hospitalisations

Preventing crime, violence and antisocial behaviour

Improved behaviour
Reduced antisocial behaviour
Reduced involvement in crime

Preventing obesity and promoting healthy physical development

Reduced preventable-cause child mortality

Preventing substance abuse

Reduced smoking
Reduced substance misuse

Supporting children’s mental health and wellbeing

Improved emotional wellbeing

UK available

UK tested

Published: April 2025

Last reviewed: January 2021

Model description

Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) is a preventive home-visiting intervention for single mothers expecting their first child. It was originally developed for teenage mothers, but in the UK the age group has been expanded to include first-time mothers up to 24 years old with additional risk factors.

Mothers enrol early in their pregnancy and are scheduled to receive 64 90-minute home visits until their child’s second birthday. Visits take place on a weekly basis during the pregnancy and six weeks after the baby’s birth. Visits then continue fortnightly until three months before the child’s second birthday when they occur monthly until the intervention’s end.

During each visit, the Family Nurse provides the mother with advice and support within the following six domains:

Personal health – The Family Nurse supports the mother’s personal health, including her nutrition and exercise, her use of drugs and alcohol, and maintaining mental wellbeing.
Environmental health – The Family Nurse makes sure that the mother and child have adequate housing and support from their community.
Life course development – The mother and Family Nurse work in partnership to identify relevant goals for the mother. These goals typically involve plans for the mother to complete her education, find a job and postpone the birth of a second child.
Maternal role – The Family Nurse works with the mother to help her develop the knowledge and skills to confidently support the health and development of her child.
Friends and family – The Family Nurse works with the mother to understand and manage her relationships with others (including her own parents and the baby’s father) so that they are supportive of the mother and child’s needs.
Health and social services – The mother is signposted or referred to community services to further support her own and her child’s needs.
Pregnancy advice – The Family Nurse makes sure that the mother is attending her pregnancy appointments and that she is prepared for the birth of her child.

The baby’s father is invited to attend the sessions when possible and appropriate.

The family nurses are trained and supervised to build a therapeutic alliance with the parents, which provides the context for parents to learn and make positive choices for themselves and the baby. When working with families, FNP nurses adopt a strengths-based approach which builds upon the parents’ intrinsic motivation to do the best for their child.

Learning is supported through tip sheets and demonstrations involving a doll that is brought to the earlier sessions. FNP nurses also provide feedback while the parents interact with their child.

Target population

Age of child

Antenatal to 2 years old

Target population

Vulnerable, first-time mothers aged 24 years old and younger.

Disclaimer: The information in this section is as offered/supported by the intervention provider.

Theory of change

Why?

Science-based assumption

Teen pregnancy and social disadvantage are associated with poor outcomes in infancy and later child development

Low birthweight is associated with increased risk of physical impairment, poor cognitive and linguistic development, and reduced quality of the parent–child relationship.

Science-based assumption

Maternal smoking, substance misuse poor diet and poor access to antenatal care increase the risk of low birthweight, preterm birth and neurodevelopmental impairment.

Increased mother-child attachment means mothers are more able to care for their baby and meet their baby’s needs

Increased maternal self-efficacy and connection to family and community support can lead to increased positive future goals and financial security.

Who?

Science-based assumption

Young, first-time single mothers are at greater risk of having a low birthweight infant, associated with a greater likelihood of smoking, poor antenatal care, and social isolation

Young, first-time mothers are also more likely to be living in disadvantaged circumstances and have a history of childhood trauma further increasing the likelihood of poor child outcomes.

How?

Intervention

Mothers receive personalised support throughout their pregnancy and the child’s first two years

Mothers are supported to stop smoking and misuse substances during their pregnancy

Mothers receive advice and support for caring for their child

Mothers are supported to gain economic self-sufficiency.

What?

Short-term

Reduced maternal health-risk behaviours during the pregnancy

Reduced risk of birth complications, including low birthweight

Mothers are better able to care for their baby and meet their baby’s needs

Medium-term

Improved mother–child interaction

Improved mother–child relationship

The mother has better relationships with other family members

The mother is at less risk of abusive relationships

Mothers are better able to access support aimed at increasing financial security.

Long-term

Mothers are less likely to remain on benefits

Children are at less risk of future mental health problems

Children are at less risk of child maltreatment

Children are better able to regulate their behaviour

Children have improved school readiness skills leading to improved academic achievement.

Implementation requirements

Who is eligible?

First-time, single mothers aged 24 years or younger.

How is it delivered?

Family Nurses Partnership is delivered by a specially trained family nurse through up to 64 home-based weekly fortnightly or monthly sessions, to first-time mothers. Each session lasts 60 to 90 minutes.
Teams of up to eight family nurses are led by a supervisor.

What happens during the intervention?

A series of structured home visits are delivered using a wide range of materials and activities that build self-efficacy, change health behaviour, improve care giving, and increase economic self-sufficiency.
At the heart of the FNP model is the relationship between the client and the nurse. FNP builds on expectant mothers’ (and fathers’) intrinsic motivation to do the best for their child.
A therapeutic alliance is built by specially trained nurses, which supports families to make changes to their health behaviour and emotional development and form a positive relationship with their baby.
Clients learn parenting skills (e.g. holding baby, bathing baby), sometimes using a doll with the family nurse demonstrating how to interact with the child and providing feedback as the mother interacts with the baby.

Who can deliver it?

Practitioners should be registered nurses with experience of community nursing and working with babies and children. This includes school nurses, health visitors, midwives, and specialist mental health nurses.

What are the training requirements?

Family nurses and supervisors are provided with a bespoke mixed-method learning programme, including both training events and individual and team-based learning materials. Once completed, this learning provides nurses and supervisors with the range of intervention-specific knowledge and skills they require for their role.

How are the practitioners supervised?

Supervision is core to the FNP model. Practitioners receive one hour per week of individual supervision and two hours per week of team-based supervision with a supervisor, who must have considerable clinical experience in a relevant nursing profession.

What are the systems for maintaining fidelity?

Regular review of intervention fidelity data at multiple levels – nurse, site, national – generated from a real-time information system. National Unit regularly reviews site-level fidelity data in line with licence and offers quality improvement support to sites.

Is there a licensing requirement?

Yes

Contact details*

Organisation: Nurse Family Partnership
Email address: 0-19clinicalprogrammesunit@dhsc.gov.uk
Websites: https://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/commissioning-the-family-nurse-partnership-programme
https://nfpinternational.org/

*Please note that this information may not be up to date. In this case, please visit the listed intervention website for up to date contact details.

Evidence summary

FNP has evidence from five large-scale RCTs all consistent with Foundations’ Level 3 evidence strength criteria. All five of these studies also had evidence of long-term child benefits. This means that FNP receives a Level 4+ rating, as two of these studies were conducted by an evaluator independent of the intervention developer.

The first RCT involved a primarily White sample of teenage mothers in the United States (Elmira, New York). This study observed that children exposed to FNP during the first two years of their life were less likely to have to go to the hospital for an emergency during their first five years, had fewer behavioural problems, had fewer arrests in adolescence, and were less likely to have a substantiated report of child abuse and neglect compared to children not receiving the intervention. FNP mothers were additionally more likely to reduce their smoking during pregnancy and maintain a healthier diet than mothers not receiving the intervention.

The second RCT primarily involved a sample of young Black mothers living in the United States (Memphis, Tennessee). This study observed that children exposed to FNP during the first two years of their life were less likely to be injured during the first two years of their life, demonstrated improved behaviour and language and cognitive skills by age 6 years old, and were less likely to smoke or use drugs and alcohol in adolescence compared to children not exposed to the intervention. Additionally, a 20-year follow-up observed that FNP children were less likely to die from preventable reasons compared to children not exposed to the intervention.

The second RCT also observed that FNP mothers were more likely to delay the birth of their second child, be in a long-term relationship with their partner, and collect public benefits in comparison to mothers not receiving FNP.

The third RCT involved a predominantly Hispanic population living in the United States (Denver, Colorado). This study observed that FNP was more likely to improve children’s internalising behaviour and early language outcomes when delivered by nurses rather than by trained paraprofessional home visitors.

The fourth RCT took place in the Netherlands, observing increased emotional wellbeing and reduced risk of child maltreatment in FNP children compared to those not receiving the intervention. FNP mothers additionally reported reduced rates of intimate partner violence (victimisation and perpetration) during their pregnancies compared to mothers not receiving the intervention.

The fifth RCT was conducted in the UK, observing improved early language development during the FNP children’s first two years compared to children not receiving the intervention. Additionally, FNP children were more likely to be assessed as having a good level of development on the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile and demonstrate improved reading ability at Key Stage 1 compared to children not exposed to the intervention.

FNP can be described as evidence based as it has evidence of a long-term positive impact on child outcomes through multiple rigorous evaluations.

Child outcomes

Reduced preventable-cause mortality

Long-term: 18 months after intervention

Improvement index

+40

Interpretation

1.6-percentage point reduction in preventable-cause child mortality rate (measured using administrative data)

Study

Reduced internalising behaviours

Long-term: 10 years later

Improvement index

+11

Interpretation

8.8-percentage point reduction in proportion of participants with internalising problems (measured using the Youth Self-Report)

Study

Reduced internalising behaviours

Immediately after intervention

Improvement index

Interpretation

14-percentage point decrease in proportion of participants with internalising behaviour (measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist – mother report)

Study

Reduced abuse and neglect

Immediately after intervention

Improvement index

+16

Interpretation

8-percentage point decrease in proportion of participants with a child protective services report (measured using administrative data)

Study

Improved intellectual functioning

Long term: 4 years later

Improvement index

Interpretation

2.1-point improvement on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (mental processing composite)

Study

Improved child receptive language

Long-term: 4 years later

Improvement index

Interpretation

2.19-point improvement on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test

Study

Reduced developmental concerns

Immediately after the intervention

Improvement index

+12

Interpretation

4.5-percentage point reduction in proportion of children with a reported developmental concern (measured using the Schedule of Growing Skills – mother report)

Study

Improved school readiness

Long-term: 3 years later

Improvement index

Interpretation

5.8-percentage point difference in proportion of participants achieving a good level of development (Early Years Foundation Stage Profile scores)

Study

Improved reading ability

Long-term: 5 years later

Improvement index

Interpretation

Reduction in proportion of participants not reaching at least the expected standard of reading (measured using Key Stage 1 scores – reading ability)

Study

Improved child behaviour

Long-term: 4 years later

Improvement index

+25

Interpretation

3.6-percentage point reduction in proportion of participants with behaviour problems (measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist)

Study

Reduced use of substances

Long-term: 10 years later

Improvement index

+26

Interpretation

3.4-percentage point reduction in proportion of participants who have used cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana in the past 30 days (measured using self-report interview)

Study

Search and review

Identified in search	N/A
Studies reviewed	5
Meeting the L2 threshold	0
Meeting the L3 threshold	5
Contributing to the L4 threshold	5
Ineligible	N/A

Study summaries

Study 1

Study design	RCT
Country	United States
Sample characteristics	400 highly disadvantaged first-time adolescent mothers (≤ 19 years old) living in the vicinity of Elmira, New York
Race, ethnicities, and nationalities	89% White
Population risk factors	47% of the participating women were younger than 19 years of age 62% were unmarried 61% came from families in Hollingshead’s social classes IV and V (semi-skilled and unskilled labourers).
Timing	Pregnancy and birth (Study 1a) The child’s second birthday (Study 1b) The child’s third and fourth year (Study 1c) 15-year follow-up (Studies 1d and 1e) 19-year follow-up (Study 1f).
Child outcomes	Pregnancy and childbirth Improved birthweight among children whose mothers smoked at the start of pregnancy. The child’s first two years Fewer emergency visits to the hospital Fewer emergency visits for accidents and poisonings. 25- to 50-month follow-up Fewer emergency visits to the hospital Fewer emergency visits for accidents and poisonings Fewer injuries and ingestions Fewer recorded behavioural problems. 15-year follow-up Less likely to have been stopped by the police Fewer arrests Less likely to have been adjudicated a person in need of supervision, as corroborated by state records Mothers less likely to have a substantiated report of abuse or neglect. 19-year follow-up Fewer arrests or convictions (girls only).
Other outcomes	Pregnancy and childbirth Improved maternal diet during pregnancy More support during labour from family and friends Fewer kidney infections during pregnancy Fewer cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy. 25- to 50-month follow-up Fewer hazards in the home Increased involvement with their child Increased use of punishment with child.
Study rating	3
Citations	Study 1a: Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Tatelbaum, R. & Chamberlin, R. (1986) Improving the delivery of prenatal care and outcomes of pregnancy: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics. 77, 16–28. Study 1b: Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Chamberlin, R. & Tatelbaum, R. (1986) Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics. 78, 65–78. Study 1c: Olds, D. L., Henderson Jr, C. R. & Kitzman, H. (1994) Does prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation have enduring effects on qualities of parental caregiving and child health at 25 to 50 months of life? Pediatrics. 93(1), 89–98. Study 1d: Olds, D., Henderson Jr, C. R., Cole, R., Eckenrode, J., Kitzman, H., Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Sidora, K., Morris, P. & Powers, J. (1998) Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children’s criminal and antisocial behaviour: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 280, 1238–1244. Study 1e: Olds, D. L., Eckenrode, J., Henderson, C. R., Kitzman, H., Powers, J., Cole, R., Sidora, K., Morris, P., Pettitt, L.M. & Luckey, D. (1997) Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 278, 637–643. Study 1f: Eckenrode, J., Campa, M., Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, Powe, J. & Olds, D. (2010) Long-term effects of prenatal and infancy nurse home visitation on the life course of youths: 19-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 164, 9–15.

Study 2

Study design	RCT
Country	United States
Sample characteristics	1,139 highly disadvantaged first-time adolescent mothers (≤ 19 years old) living in the vicinity of Memphis, Tennessee.
Race, ethnicities, and nationalities	92% African American
Population risk factors	98% were unmarried 64% were an average age of 18 years or younger at the start of the study 85% came from households with incomes below the US federal poverty line.
Timing	28 and 36 weeks’ gestation Six, 12, 24 months When the child was 6 years, 9 years, 12 years, and 20 years old.
Child outcomes	Pregnancy until the child’s 2nd birthday Fewer injuries and ingestions. Six-year follow-up Improved intellectual functioning Improved receptive vocabulary Improved behaviour. 12-year follow-up Reduced tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana use Reduced internalising problems. 20-year follow-up Fewer preventable deaths.
Other outcomes	Pregnancy until the child’s 2nd birthday Fewer incidences of pregnancy induced hypertension Fewer second pregnancies. Six-year follow-up Fewer pregnancies Longer intervals between pregnancies Longer relationship with their current partner Less likely to receive public assistance Less likely to receive food stamps. Nine-year follow-up More likely to delay the birth of their second child Less time receiving public benefits Increased mastery over their own lives More likely to be in a long-term relationship with an employed partner. 12-year follow-up More likely to report being in a long-term relationship with their partner Less role impairment due to alcohol or drug use Less likely to receive food stamps Less likely to receive welfare support. Reduced government spending on food stamps, welfare, and Medicaid for nurse-visited mothers. 20-year follow-up Fewer deaths from all causes and external causes.
Study rating	3
Citations	Study 2a: Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Cole, R. Tatelbaum, R., McConnochie, K. M., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W., Shaver, D., Englehardt, K., James, D. & Barnard, K. (1997) Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing. Journal of the American Medical Association. 278 (8), 644–652. Study 2b: Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Cole, R., Robinson, J., Sidora, K., Luckey, D. W, Henderson, C. R., Hanks, C., Bondy, J. & Holmberg, J. (2004) Effects of nurse home-visiting on maternal life course and child development: Age-6 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 114 (6), 1550–1559. Study 2c: Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Anson, E., Sidora-Arcoleo, K. Luckey, D. W., Henderson, C. R., Holmberg, J., Tutt, R.A., Stevenson, A. J. & Bondy, J. (2007) Effects of nurse home visiting on maternal and child functioning: Age-9 follow-up of a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 120, 832–845. Study 2d: Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Anson, E. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D., Henderson, C. R. & Holmberg, J. R. (2010) Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 164 (5), 412–418. Study 2e: Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., Hanks, C. A., Arcoleo, K. J., Anson, E. A., Luckey, D. W., Knudston, M. D., Henderson, C. R., Bondy, J. & Stevenson, A. J. (2010) Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 164 (5), 419–424. Study 2f: Olds, D. L., Kitzman, H., Knudtson, M. D., Anson, E., Smith, J. A. & Cole, R. (2014) Effect of home visiting by nurses on maternal and child mortality: Results of a 2-decade follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Paediatrics. 168 (9), 800–806.

Study 3

Study design	RCT
Country	United States
Sample characteristics	735 single, first-time teenage mothers living in disadvantaged communities in the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area
Race, ethnicities, and nationalities	45% Hispanic 36% White 16% African American.
Population risk factors	Mothers were on average 19 years old. 14% were married 20% were living below the poverty line All mothers were eligible for Medicaid and receiving other public health benefits 16% of the mothers had reported an incidence of domestic violence in the last six months.
Timing	36 weeks’ gestation 6, 12, 21, and 24 months 4, 6, and 9 years.
Child outcomes	Pregnancy until the child’s second birthday Less likely to show vulnerability in fearful situations at six months (nurse-visited children) Less likely to have a language delay at 21 months (nurse-visited children). Four-year follow-up More likely to have attended early education (nurse-visited children).
Other outcomes	Pregnancy until the child’s second birthday Less cotinine in the urine at 36 weeks’ gestation (mothers who smoked only). More responsive to infant Less cotinine in the urine at 36 weeks’ gestation (mothers who smoked only). Less likely to be pregnant within two years of first baby’s birth More likely to be in employment. Four-year follow-up Increased employment (paraprofessionally visited mothers) Greater sense of mastery (paraprofessionally visited mothers) Improved mental health (paraprofessionally visited mothers) Fewer miscarriages (paraprofessionally visited mothers) Less risk of a subsequent low birthweight baby (paraprofessionally visited mothers) Increased maternal sensitivity (paraprofessionally visited mothers) Increased likelihood of a delayed second birth (nurse-visited mothers) Reduced reports of domestic violence (nurse-visited mothers).
Study rating	3
Citations	Study 3a: Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Henderson, C. R., Ng, R. K., Sheff, K. L., Korfmacher, J., Hiatt, S. & Talmi, A. (2002) Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 110, 486–496. Study 3b: Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., Isacks, K., Sheff, K. & Henderson, C. R. (2004) Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: Age-4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 114, 1560–1568. Study 3c: Olds, D. L., Holmberg, J. R., Donelan-McCall, N., Luckey, D. W., Knudtson, M. D. & Robinson, J. (2014) Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized trial at ages 6 and 9 years. JAMA Pediatrics. 168, 114–121.

Study 4

Study design	RCT
Country	The Netherlands
Sample characteristics	460 young, first-time mothers (25 years or younger) living in 20 separate municipalities in the Netherlands
Race, ethnicities, and nationalities	48% Dutch 27% Surinamese/Antillean 5% Cape Verdean 3% Turkish 2% Moroccan.
Population risk factors	The average age was 19 years: 95% had a pre-vocational education or less 29% were employed 23% were married 45% smoked.
Timing	Assessments were carried out at baseline (16 weeks’ gestation), 28 and 32 weeks of pregnancy, the child’s birth, and 2, 6, 18, and 24 months post-birth and child protection records were accessed when the child was 3 years old.
Child outcomes	24-month follow-up Reduced internalising behaviours Reduced rates of child maltreatment.
Other outcomes	32 weeks’ gestation Reduced number of mothers who smoked Reduced intimate partner violence victimisation Reduced intimate partner violence perpetration. Six months post-birth A reduced number of cigarettes smoked per day Reduced smoking next to the baby Increased rates of breast feeding. 24-month follow-up Reduced intimate partner violence victimisation Reduced intimate partner violence perpetration Improved quality of the home environment.
Study rating	3
Citations	Study 4a: Mejdoubi, J., van den Heijkant, S., van Leerdam, F. J. M., Crone, M., Crijnen, A. & HiraSing, R. A. (2014) Effects of nurse home visitation on cigarette smoking, pregnancy outcomes and breastfeeding: A randomized controlled trial. Midwifery. 30, 688–695. Study 4b: Mejdoubi, J., van den Heijkant, S. C. C. M., van Leerdam, F. K. M., Heymans, M. W., Hirasing, R. A. & Crijnen, A. A. M. (2013) Effect of nurse home visits vs usual care on reducing intimate partner violence in young high-risk pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial. PLOS One. 8 (10), e78185 Study 4c: Mejdoubi, J., van den Heijkant, S. C. C. M., van Leerdam, F. J.M.,Heymans, M. W., Crijnen, A. & Hirasing, R.A. (2015) The effect of VoorZorg, the Dutch Nurse-family Partnership, on child maltreatment and development: A randomized controlled trial. PLOS One. 10 (4), e0120182.

Study 5

Study design	RCT
Country	The United Kingdom
Sample characteristics	1,645 mothers ≤ 19 years old living in community midwifery settings at 18 partnerships between local authorities and primary and secondary care organisations in England
Race, ethnicities, and nationalities	88% White 5% Mixed 4% Black 2% Asian <1% Other.
Population risk factors	48% were not in education, employment or training (NEET) 1% were married and 56% smoked.
Timing	Assessments were conducted at: Baseline (enrolment) 34 to 36 weeks’ gestation the child’s birth 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-birth Administrative outcomes, involving routine data linkage continued until the child’s seventh birthday.
Child outcomes	Pregnancy until the child’s second birthday Reduced developmental concern Improved language, speech, and communication. Routine data linkage until age 7 (Study 5b) More likely to achieve a good level of development through the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP) at age 4 More likely to achieve the expected standard of reading at the Key Stage 1 assessment at age 6.
Other outcomes	Pregnancy until the child’s second birthday Increased intention to breastfeed Increased maternal self-efficacy Increased social support Improved relationship with partner.
Study rating	3
Citations	Study 5a: Robling, M., Bekkers, M. J., Bell, K., Butler, C. C., Cannings-John, R., Channon, S., … & Torgerson, D. (2016) Effectiveness of a nurse-led intensive home-visitation programme for first-time teenage mothers (Building Blocks): A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 387 (10014), 146–155. Study 5b: Robling, M., Lugg-Widger, F., Cannings-John, R., Sanders, J., Angel, L., Channon, S., … & Jones, E. (2021) The Family Nurse Partnership to reduce maltreatment and improve child health and development in young children: The BB: 2–6 routine data-linkage follow-up to earlier RCT. Public Health Research. 9 (2).

Other studies

No other studies were assessed for this intervention.

Note on provider involvement: This provider has agreed to Foundations’ terms of reference (or the Early Intervention Foundation's terms of reference), and the assessment has been conducted and published with the full cooperation of the intervention provider.

Family Nurse Partnership (FNP)

Population characteristics as evaluated

Model characteristics

Evidence rating:

Cost rating:

Model description

Age of child

Target population

Why?

Who?

How?

What?

Who is eligible?

How is it delivered?

What happens during the intervention?

Who can deliver it?

What are the training requirements?

How are the practitioners supervised?

What are the systems for maintaining fidelity?

Is there a licensing requirement?

Contact details*

Child outcomes

Search and review

Study 1

Study 2

Study 3

Study 4

Study 5

Cost ratings:

Child Outcomes:

Evidence ratings: