Generation Parent Management Training Oregon (GEN PMTO) is a parenting intervention for families with a child aged 3 to 18 years who is at risk of developing behavioural problems. It is delivered by practitioners to groups of 12 to 16 families for 10 to 14 weekly sessions. During these sessions, parents learn strategies for reducing child and adolescent behaviour problems, improve school performance, and prevent entry to the youth justice system.
The information above is as offered/supported by the intervention provider.
3 to 12 years old
Group
Generation Parent Management Training Oregon (GEN PMTO) is for parents with a child aged 3 to 18 years who is at risk of developing behavioural problems. GEN PMTO provides parents with practical skills to prevent, reduce, and reverse behavioural problems while fostering positive family relationships.
GEN PMTO can be delivered as a targeted-indicated intervention aimed at treating serious child behavioural problems that have become entrenched or as a targeted-selected intervention aimed at preventing behavioural problems in children where there are identified risks.
GEN PMTO is delivered by two parent facilitators to groups of 12 to 16 parents for 10 to 14 weekly sessions lasting 90 to 120 minutes each. The model can be adapted for diverse family structures, including two-parent, single-parent, grandparent-led, adoptive parents, foster parents, birth parents of children in foster care and reunification families.
In the first session, the facilitators begin building a positive relationship with the parents and encourage collaboration within the group. In subsequent sessions, parents learn how to:
Skills taught in the intervention are promoted through active teaching methods such as group problem solving, role-play, homework assignments, and video modelling to engage parents and help them apply the techniques at home.
3 to 18 years
Families with a child aged 3 to 18 years who is at risk of developing behavioural problems, or where behavioural problems are already present
Disclaimer: The information in this section is as offered/supported by the intervention provider.
Science-based assumption
Young children naturally behave in challenging and non-compliant ways
Challenging child behaviours during preschool and primary school increase the risk of more serious behavioural problems occurring in adolescence.
Science-based assumption
Ineffective parenting responses to challenging child behaviours increase the likelihood of problematic behaviour persisting and becoming more entrenched
Science-based assumption
Parents experiencing high levels of stress are at greater risk of implementing ineffective parenting practices.
Intervention
Parents learn how to:
Encourage positive child behaviours
Discourage challenging child behaviours through limit setting and age-appropriate discipline
Manage family conflict
Support children’s school success.
Short-term
Parents implement effective parenting strategies in the home
Parents’ confidence increases
Parental stress reduces
Family conflict decreases
Parent–child interaction improves.
Medium-term
Children’s behaviour improves
Children experience greater emotional wellbeing
Children develop positive relationship with others
Children are less likely to have antisocial peers
Children feel positively about school.
Long-term
Children are at less risk of antisocial behaviour in adolescence
Children are at less risk of substance misuse and other mental health problems in later life.
Families with a child aged 3 to 18 years who is at risk of developing behavioural problems, or where behavioural problems are already present.
GEN PMTO is delivered in 10 to 14 sessions of one and a half to two hours’ duration, each by two practitioners, to groups of 12 to 16 parents.
During the sessions, active teaching approaches are used (e.g. group problem solving, role-play, homework assignments, video modelling) to engage parents actively in learning to apply the techniques effectively at home.
Facilitators typically have a master’s qualification or equivalent in counselling, clinical social work, or education.
Facilitators must attend a one-day kick-off workshop to build enthusiasm. This is followed by two training workshops over 10 to 12 days that focus on learning and practising model content and the group facilitation process.
Facilitators are expected to attend local PMTO coaching groups on a monthly basis.
Intervention fidelity is maintained through the following processes:
Contact person: Anna Snider
Organisation: GenerationPMTO
Email address: annas@generationpmto.org
Website: www.generationpmto.org
*Please note that this information may not be up to date. In this case, please visit the listed intervention website for up to date contact details.
GEN PMTO Group’s most rigorous evidence comes from two RCTs consistent with Foundations’ Level 3 evidence strength criteria. One of these studies has evidence of a long-term impact, meaning that GEN PMTO has evidence consistent with Foundations’ Level 4 criteria.
GEN PMTO’s first Level 3 RCT was conducted in the United States, and observed that GEN PMTO children were less likely to have a police arrest at nine-year follow-up in comparison to children whose parents did not receive the intervention.
GEN PMTO’s second Level 3 RCT was conducted in Norway, observing statistically significant improvements in GEN PMTO parents’ reports of their children’s behaviour, conduct problems, and social interactions with their peers in comparison to children of parents who did not receive the intervention.
GEN PMTO can be described as evidence-based: it has evidence from at least one rigorously conducted RCT demonstrating positive impact on a child outcome, and also has evidence of a long-term effect.
Improved social competence
Immediately after the intervention
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
Improved social competence
6 months later
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
Improved social competence
Immediately after the intervention
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
Reduced police arrests
Long-term: 8 and a half years later
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
Reduced child conduct problems
Immediately after the intervention
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
Reduced child conduct problems
6 months later
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
Reduced externalising behaviour problems
6 months later
Improvement index
Interpretation
Study
| Identified in search | 11 |
| Studies reviewed | 2 |
| Meeting the L2 threshold | 1 |
| Meeting the L3 threshold | 2 |
| Contributing to the L4 threshold | 0 |
| Ineligible | 8 |
| Study design | RCT |
| Country | United States |
| Sample characteristics | 238 recently separated mothers and their sons aged between 6 and 10 years |
| Race, ethnicities, and nationalities |
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| Population risk factors | Most participants had a low-income, with 76% receiving public assistance |
| Timing |
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| Child outcomes | Reduced police arrests (9-year follow-up, administrative data) |
| Other outcomes |
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| Study rating | 3 |
| Citations | Study 1a: Forgatch, M. S. & DeGarmo, D. S. (1999) Parenting through change: An effective prevention program for single mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (5), 711. Study 1b: Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., DeGarmo, D. S. & Beldavs, Z. G. (2009) Testing the Oregon delinquency model with 9-year follow-up of the Oregon Divorce Study. Development and Psychopathology. 21 (2), 637–660. |
| Study design | RCT |
| Country | Norway |
| Sample characteristics | The study involved 137 families seeking help for a child aged 3 to 12 years exhibiting early-stage or developed conduct problems |
| Race, ethnicities, and nationalities |
|
| Population risk factors |
|
| Timing |
|
| Child outcomes |
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| Other outcomes |
|
| Study rating | 3 |
| Citations | Kjøbli, J., Hukkelberg, S. & Ogden, T. (2013) A randomized trial of group parent training: Reducing child conduct problems in real-world settings. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 51 (3), 113–121. |
The following studies were identified for this intervention but did not count towards the intervention’s overall evidence rating. An intervention receives the same rating as its most robust study or studies.
Amador Buenabad, N. G., Sánchez Ramos, R., Schwartz, S., et al. (2020) Cluster randomized trial of a multicomponent school-based program in Mexico to prevent behavioral problems and develop social skills in children. Child Youth Care Forum. 49, 343–364.
Bjørknes, R., Kjøbli, J., Manger, T. & Jakobsen, R. (2012) Parent training among ethnic minorities: Parenting practices as mediators of change in child conduct problems. Family Relations. 61 (1), 101–114.
Bjørknes, R. & Manger, T. (2013) Can parent training alter parent practice and reduce conduct problems in ethnic minority children? A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science. 14 (1), 52–63.
Chamberlain, P., Feldman, S. W., Wulczyn, F., Saldana, L. & Forgatch, M. S. (2016) Implementation and evaluation of linked parenting models in a large urban child welfare system. Child Abuse and Neglect. 53, 27–39.
Gewirtz, A. & Davis, L. (2014) Parenting practices and emotion regulation in National Guard and Reserve families: Early findings from the After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools/ADAPT study. In Military deployment and its consequences for families (pp. 111–131). Springer.
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D.S ., Lee, S., Morrell, N. & August, G. (2015) Two-year outcomes of the Early Risers prevention trial with formerly homeless families residing in supportive housing. Journal of Family Psychology. 29 (2), 242–252.
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S. & Zamir, O. (2018) After Deployment, Adaptive Parenting Tools: One year outcomes of an evidence-based parenting program for military families. Prevention Science. 19, 589–599.
Gewirtz, A. H., DeGarmo, D. S. & Zamir, O. (2016) Effects of military parenting program on parental distress and suicidal ideation: After Deployment Adaptive Parenting Tools. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviors. 46 (S1), S23–S3.
Parra-Cardona, J. R., Bybee, D., Sullivan, C. M., Rodríguez, M. M. D., Tams, L. & Bernal, G. (2017) Examining the impact of differential cultural adaptation with Latina/o immigrants exposed to adapted parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 85 (1), 58–71. This study received a L2+; however, it has been excluded as it evaluates a cultural adaptation of the intervention.
Note on provider involvement: This provider has agreed to Foundations’ terms of reference (or the Early Intervention Foundation's terms of reference), and the assessment has been conducted and published with the full cooperation of the intervention provider.
Rated 1: Set up and delivery is low cost, equivalent to an estimated unit cost of less than £100.
Rated 2: Set up and delivery is medium-low cost, equivalent to an estimated unit cost of £100–£499.
Rated 3: Set up and delivery is medium cost, equivalent to an estimated unit cost of £500–£999.
Rated 4: Set up and delivery is medium-high cost, equivalent to an estimated unit cost of £1,000–£2,000.
Rating 5: Set up and delivery is high cost. Equivalent to an estimated unit cost of more than £2,000.
Set up and delivery cost is not applicable, not available, or has not been calculated.
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Supporting children’s mental health and wellbeing: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Preventing child maltreatment: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Enhancing school achievement & employment: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Preventing crime, violence and antisocial behaviour: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Preventing substance abuse: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Preventing risky sexual behaviour & teen pregnancy: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Preventing obesity and promoting healthy physical development: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient.
Rated 2: Has preliminary evidence of improving a child outcome from a quantitative impact study, but there is not yet evidence of causal impact.
Rated 2+: Meets the level 2 rating and the best available evidence is based on a study which is more rigorous than a level 2 standard but does not meet the level 3 standard.
Rated 3: Has evidence of a short-term positive impact from at least one rigorous study.
Rated 3+: Meets the level 3 rating and has evidence from other studies with a comparison group at level 2 or higher.
Rated 4: Has evidence of a long-term positive impact through at least two rigorous studies.
Rated 4+: Meets the level 4 rating and has at least a third study contributing to the Level 4 rating, with at least one of the studies conducted independently of the intervention provider.
Rating has a *: The evidence base includes mixed findings i.e., studies suggesting positive impact alongside studies, which on balance, indicate no effect or negative impact.
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